Rural development is highly dependent on understanding the importance of business architecture and its connection to local economic strategies; however, the attention given to the long-standing link between indigenous architecture and the rural economy is often overlooked in contemporary research and planning. In this context, the current study analyzed data using SPSS and AMOS via correlation analysis, based on cluster random sampling of 180 rural business owners and producers, utilizing closed-ended questionnaires. By fixing the “Livelihood Housing” factor, two-factor and three-factor development Models were compared across three verification levels (unconfirmed, evaluable, and fully confirmed); in the two-factor Model section (comprising 8 Models), 4 Models concerning the relationship between Housing and the farm (tourism and creative) were confirmed, whereas 4 other Models (involving the relationship between Housing and external architecture and supportive development) were not confirmed. In the three-factor Model section (15 Models), all Models related to supportive development and creative farming were confirmed, and except for one case, the majority of Models associated with supportive development and tourism farming were also confirmed; conversely, only one Model related to supportive development and non-residential architecture was confirmed. Ultimately, the most reliable planning Model is the three-factor Model comprising development, support, creative farming, and Livelihood Housing.

Livelihood-based Housing helps diversify Livelihoods by creating the conditions for home-based businesses in rural areas, thereby increasing rural incomes and employment. This factor along with a set of factors and variables inside and outside the system can help to stabilize the population and reduce migration in rural areas. In this intertwined complex, the extent and role of factors in stabilizing the population and reducing rural migration is unclear. The purpose of this article is to determine the impact and role of each factor, especially Livelihood-based Housing on the stabilization of rural population. For this purpose, the provinces were divided into three groups based on the share of rural Livelihood units and two provinces were selected from each category and a total of 6 provinces. In each province, one city and two to three villages and in total 13 villages and 332 households were selected as a sample and data were collected using a questionnaire. Findings showed that among the various factors that directly and indirectly play a role in stabilizing the rural population, Livelihood-based Housing with a higher impact factor explains the dependent variable. While statistics and information show a decrease in this type of Housing in rural areas. Therefore, it is suggested that by modifying the existing processes and procedures and creating coordination and support for such Housing, action be taken to develop Livelihood-based Housing in rural areas.

Rural Housing is a physical, social, economic, cultural and environmental phenomenon. Housing has always been linked to the Livelihood and economic activity of the family and the village. Livelihood-oriented rural Housing has tended to be identified with urban Housing in recent years, and the share of Livelihood-oriented Housing has decreased. The purpose of the present study is to identify the challenges facing the development of Livelihood-oriented Housing. For this purpose, in the first stage, six townships from six provinces were selected by cluster method, and then 13 villages were selected based on different demographic and socio-economic spectrums. Using systematic random sampling, 332 questionnaires were completed. Field findings showed that the respondents agree more with the influence of structural intervening factors in the formation of Livelihood-oriented Housing than with human and social factors. Factor analysis also confirmed this issue. Therefore, it is suggested that while modifying the procedures and content of development plans and technical rules and regulations and defining financial support packages, the education of the new rural generation should also be on the agenda.

Rural Housing is the most primitive and original form of Housing for people with fixed habitation. It has developed and expanded due to the changes in the forms of nomadism, especially those that occurred based on agriculture and animal husbandry. of the society— are influential in encouraging economic changes. This study seeks to understand Rural Housing reflects the concept that the spaces of Livelihood and living are mostly interrelated and that there are no definite time boundaries between activities in rural life. The Iranian Land Reform, a prominent landmark in the 1960s, has been the starting point of major changes in the economy, social relations, migration, occupation, and urban development and marked a major shift in the physical form of rural Housing. Three fundamental sources of noneconomic affairs — changes in the knowledge and science of societies, changes in technology, and changes in the public institutions and explain the process of economic change and how it affects rural Housing. In this descriptive-analytical study, with the help of field and desk studies and investigation of the ideas of theorists, it was concluded that the process of economic change has only improved living spaces and increased facilities and local amenities for villagers, but Livelihood production spaces in rural Housing, as a link in the production system, has been neglected during these years. Moreover, in the spatial organization of rural Housing, the only spaces that receive attention in the area of Livelihood are warehouses and stalls. However, in rural Housing, a site also includes gardens, orchards and farms that are the most important parts of a rural house. This has changed the living patterns of residents and caused rural settlements to become semi-urban. Furthermore, the productive economy of rural life has turned into a consumer economy. Therefore, the need to use agricultural elements (gardens, farms, pastures and livestock) becomes an inevitable necessity in the architecture of rural Housing.

Examining and recognizing rural areas and analyzing their capabilities and their planning bottlenecks in the process of rural development are very important. The villages of the country have not been functioning with their full capacity for several years due to various reasons. Rural Housing as a symbol of the efficient interaction of people with the natural environment around himself, according to the time-space conditions, accommodated various adaptive transformations with according to the correspondent Livelihood and the architectural practices. From this perspective, rural Housing can be viewed as a display of how environmental and functional changes have influenced the Livelihoods of villages, through which they have altered the residential architecture. The new Housing type in the historical village of Riab, as compared to the traditional and native dwellings exhibits strong disparity. The grassroots of such changes leads to the top-down regional planning and development projections according to the theories discussed in modern geography. The present research, via explaining the causes and factors influencing rural life, attempts to explain the nature of rural life influences on the structure of rural Housing architecture, to examine the changes of rural Housing from traditional-native Housing to new Housing in a the selected case study. This is achieved through combined descriptive-analytical approach, while studying library resources and field observations, and analyzed the changes in the structure of rural Housing architecture. In order to study the changes in the architecture of rural houses as well as comparing two types of native historical and new architectural structures, the statistical population of the study is selected from the two Housing typology. This is done by considering entire residential area of the historical village of Riab from the two constructional patterns mentioned in the classified disproportionate sampling method. The dual classification has been made based on two types of native-traditional and new construction according to observation and field surveys. Then an analysis of case studies of the by Cochran volume determination method and simple random sampling method, from the total of existing building blocks in the village is conducted. According to the findings of the research, rural life can be considered effective from four dimensions: socio-cultural, economic, environmental and institutional (human). Certain socio-cultural and economic dimensions have an indispensable role in such transformations, and the environmental and institutional dimensions provide the building blocks of rural Housing architecture. In general, according to the analysis of the changes in the structure of rural Housing architecture in Riab, main changes could be indicated in three categories: changes in the spatial organization, physical elements, and functional role of Housing. The changes in the functional dimension of rural Housing include removal of certain native historical spaces and the addition of new ones as well as transition and substitution of existent spaces. In the physical dimension, it is found that material and structural changes, ornamental simplification have been noticeable. In spatial organization dimension, the changes in spatial integration and spatial configuration were among evident findings.

A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan and to identify the impact of social capital and its dimensions on the concept of Housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample and were selected and studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of social capital (α = 0.879) and Housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social capital and its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. Housing sustainability variable and its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated Model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between social capital and the concept of Housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this Model can be useful for other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source and destination of all human life; and man leaves it for work and social activity, and after doing it and gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of Housing is a broad and complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services and facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, Housing planning requires in-depth studies in various social, cultural and historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, social, indigenous and cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown and are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, Housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in Housing architecture, especially social Housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life and habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension and consequently a small increase in the construction and architecture of residential complexes and other dimensions of sustainable development, including social, cultural, physical and The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate Housing, as Housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it and in a wider area with the region and the world; it creates problems for the city and its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of Housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination and compatibility with other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development and the need to create and expand social capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research and the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster random sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters and homogeneous groups and then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors and specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results and discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the social capital index is not desirable. The average of social capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of social capital of the residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between Housing sustainability and social capital. And the order of the effect of social capital variable on the dimensions of economic, social, physical and environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value Model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression Model is a good Model in which independent variables are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the social interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all Model variables remains constant, an increase in the independent social interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (Housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of Housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is Housing and its sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable Housing and the provision of adequate Housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography and customs are influential in Housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of social factors or in other words social capital cannot be ignored; Because social capital is rooted in the structure and social norms of society and is generally a combination of trust, communication network, social norms and social relations at the individual and community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the social capital of residents and the sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the social capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide the stability of the residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective and reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene and cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green and ... will interact and participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Rural Housing as the main physical element of space with a multi-functional nature has been constantly evolving influenced by various factors and forces. The most important components that have changed in recent years in the context of Housing-related developments are the Housing component in the rural areas. The shift from Livelihood-based Housing to rural Housing, which has only a residential function, has a negative impact on the rural economy. In this regard, this study aims to identify the status of Housing in rural areas and to answer the following questions: 1. What is the Livelihood situation of rural Housing in the studied villages? 2. Which economic indicators affect living-based Housing in the studied villages? In the present study, the analysis and ranking of components of Livelihood-based Housing in rural areas will be discussed., The nature of the descriptive-analytic and the type of application, data collection method used for the study was “ library and field method” (questionnaires and interviews). Data analysis was descriptive (Mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Binomial test and multivariate regression) and the Vicor Model. The questionnaire is composed of closed questions and answers on Likert five scale. The statistical population is 3464 in the Mojezat County. According to Cochran's formula were selected 321 households in 7 rural, as the sample size. Also, Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the indices, with the values of 0. 939 percent for economic factors and 0. 867 percent for the Livelihood Housing component. The findings from the research show that the ratio of observation in the productive and logistic components of rural Housing in the studied areas is low compared with the test ratio, as well as the ratio of observation in biological, social and cultural components compared with the test ratio, Is located on the upper level. The results also show that there is a direct correlation between the indicators of economic and Livelihood of rural houses. At a significant level of 0. 05, the variables of financial capital and credits, with the values of 0. 467, 0. 317, had the highest share in the dependent variable analysis of variance (rural Housing function), the variables of income, employment, production method, type of production activity and ability have not been able to have a significant effect on the dependent variable. Finally, the results of the decision-making Model of VIKOR for the study of economic indicators show that the villages of Gojeghia and Aghdehatoo villages with 1 and 0. 453 have the highest Qi in the first and second rank respectively and the villages of Barotagaji (0. 065) and Razbin (0. 044) the lowest Qi is ranked sixth and seventh. In the past, according to the economic status and social classification of villagers, Housing was made in different dimensions and sizes; But now, with the collapse of social classifications in the villages and the expansion of village communication with other settlements in the community, each village builds its home, regardless of the economic base, in the village, according to its will And in such a way that the low-income and vulnerable sectors of the rural community have a better and bigger venue than villages and villagers. The development of Livelihood-based Housing has left out the monopoly of the economic factor and questioned its unconditional and contingent effect.

Housing is the most important component of the physical fabric of the village, over time and in harmony with social and economic changes has been associated with functional change. These changes are not in line with the rural economy and have led to socio-economic incompatibilities and the Livelihood function of rural Housing. In the present study, the components of Livelihood-based Housing and socio-economic factors affecting Livelihood-based Housing developments have been analyzed. The type of research is applied and its nature is descriptive-analytical. The data collection method was library and field (observation and questionnaire, interview), the data analysis method was descriptive and inferential (one-sample t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, correlation coefficient test and structural equations). The statistical population of the study includes households in the village of Miracles in Zanjan province. Using Cochran's formula, 273 families in 5 villages were selected as a sample. Rural sampling was simple to select households at random, and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the indices, the values of which were 0. 70%. Findings show that, based on one-sample t-test, rural Livelihood-oriented Housing in the dimensions of Livelihood-production, logistics, biological, socio-cultural is estimated below the numerical average. Also, the findings of structural equations show that there is a relationship between economic factors and Livelihood-based Housing with a regression value of 0. 715. Rural Livelihood-based Housing in the dimensions of Livelihood-production, darkat, biological, socio-cultural, respectively, indicates the low level of Housing Model in the form of Livelihood. The results of socio-economic factors in Housing developments showed four dimensions of income, employment, assets, Housing costs are at a disadvantage. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that as the socio-economic indicators improve, so does the tendency to build Livelihood-based Housing.

Objective: To sustain rural communities and enhance their economic and social vitality, their connections with urban centers and their position within the broader national framework must be preserved. Villages should adopt localized Models to ensure their resilience. Unfortunately, a comprehensive Model for sustainable rural Livelihoods at the national and provincial levels is lacking, often leading to a uniform approach that overlooks regional specificities. This study aims to explore the revitalization of villages and the creation of sustainable Livelihoods through biomass entrepreneurship. A biomass village is defined as a region where a comprehensive biomass utilization system is established and collaboratively managed by stakeholders in the area. Methods: This research employed the meta-combination method to analyze a total of 120 articles and related studies sourced from the CIVILICA citation index (1380–1401). After applying inclusion criteria, 63 articles were selected for in-depth analysis. The study adopts a qualitative approach within the interpretive paradigm to explore a sustainable rural Livelihood Model grounded in the rural ecosystem. The research is practical, focusing on actionable insights for designing sustainable rural Livelihoods. Results: Key components identified for designing a sustainable rural Livelihood Model include: 1. Food Security and Nutrition: Ensuring rural food security and addressing malnutrition; 2. Human Capital Development: Increasing workforce productivity through higher literacy levels; 3. Tourism and Markets: Promoting sustainable tourism development and strengthening local markets and bazaars; 4. Infrastructure Investment: Investing in rural development infrastructure to support Livelihoods. Conclusions: The study synthesized findings from prior research conducted across various rural regions in the country to develop a Model for sustainable rural Livelihoods. The proposed Model focuses on three primary axes: Rural Consumption Patterns: Encouraging sustainable consumption practices within rural households. Rural Poverty Reduction: Addressing poverty through targeted interventions and resource allocation. Household Livelihoods: Enhancing the economic resilience of rural households through diversified income sources. By integrating these elements, the proposed Model provides a comprehensive framework for revitalizing rural areas and fostering sustainable Livelihoods. The findings underscore the importance of adopting localized, ecosystem-based approaches tailored to the unique needs of rural communities.

Rural settlements as the oldest kinds of human communities were established and developed in some spatial portions, with water and fertile soil available, following a change in living and Livelihood style based on agriculture and related activities. The prevailing living style in these human centers represents their function in that region and it also influences their texture, physical state and the forms of rural houses. These villages to survive along with the execution of the reconstruction projects, they require to change the form, frame, physical state and the forms of houses.Occasionally these changes are not so compatible with the living style of these communities. In the applied study, we are to examine the impact of Housing reconstruction upon the prevailing economic system for villages in central district of Mamsanni County, applying an analytical-descriptive approach and survey research. The population of the study is composed of small and large villages from which up to 24 villages were selected. The volume of the sample asked from in the study is 230 heads of rural families which have used the loan facilities for reconstruction by Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution. To collect data, the literature and field survey study have been used. Finally, data have been analyzed by using SPSS to answer the posed question. The results indicate that the reconstruction of houses has improved the physical state of the villages along with preserving the beauty and the strength of the building.On the subsistence in the villages, it can be mentioned that about 75 percent of rural people abandoned their custom economic activities due to the incompatibility of some "plans" with the current economic activity in those villages. Therefore, although the Housing reconstruction plans provided convenience and some welfare for people, but it has inappreciably changed the living condition and financial status in the rural areas. Who caused the destruction of the enternal structure and evolution of the village population should focus on its vital role and function.